Ipswich North State School

General

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Classification

State Heritage

Register status

Entered

Date entered

5 February 2016

Type

Education, Research, Scientific Facility: School - state (primary)

Themes

3.5 Developing secondary and tertiary industries: Struggling with remoteness, hardship and failure

9.1 Educating Queenslanders: Providing primary schooling

Architect

Jellet, Frederick Thomas

Builder

Department of Public Works

Construction periods

1934–1937, Depression-era Brick School Building

1934–1937, Concrete retaining walls

Historical period

1919–1930s Interwar period

Style

Classicism

Location

Address

9 Fitzgibbon Street, North Ipswich

LGA

Ipswich City Council

Coordinates

-27.60250342, 152.76290127

Significance

Criterion AThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history.

Ipswich North State School (established in 1867 as North Ipswich National School) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The place retains an excellent example of a government designed Depression-era Brick School Building (built 1934, extended 1937), which was an architectural response to prevailing government educational philosophies; set in landscaped grounds with retaining walls (1934-37) and mature trees.

The Depression-era Brick School Building and landscaping of the school grounds are the result of the State Government’s building and relief work programmes during the 1930s that stimulated the economy and provided work for men unemployed as a result of the Great Depression

Ipswich North State School is also a result of the population growth of North Ipswich, which was the site of Queensland’s first and principal railway workshops (1864-1995), employing thousands of people. North Ipswich has the most imposing state school building in Ipswich, reflecting the past importance of the suburb.

Criterion DThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Ipswich North State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Queensland state school built during the Depression era. The school comprises a Brick School Building constructed to a government design and a landscaped site that retains Depression-era retaining walls, assembly and play areas, a playing field with cricket pitch, and mature trees.

The substantial Depression-era Brick School Building is a highly-intact, excellent example of its type and retains a high degree of integrity. The principal characteristics it demonstrates include: its two storey form, with an undercroft; face brick exterior; high-quality design with classical influence and detailing; central range symmetrically arranged around a projecting entrance bay; and terracotta-tiled hipped roof. The building has a linear layout, with rooms accessed by verandahs, and an open play space and toilet facilities in the undercroft.

Criterion EThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Through its substantial size, high quality materials, face brick exterior, elegant formal composition and decorative treatment, the Depression-era Brick School Building at Ipswich North State School has aesthetic significance due to its expressive attributes, which evoke the sense of progress and permanence that the Queensland Government sought to embody in new public buildings in that era.

The building’s assertive massing, classically-influenced design, and elegant composition contribute to its dignified streetscape presence, and contrast with the surrounding small-scale residences and commercial premises. Prominently sited and set within terraced grounds comprising two level platforms articulated by Depression-era concrete retaining walls, the building is a landmark for the area.

Criterion GThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Schools have always played an important part in Queensland communities. They typically retain significant and enduring connections with former pupils, parents, and teachers; provide a venue for social interaction and volunteer work; and are a source of pride, symbolising local progress and aspirations.

Ipswich North State School has a strong and ongoing association with the North Ipswich community. It was established in 1867 through the fundraising efforts of the local community and generations of North Ipswich children have been taught there. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of North Ipswich and is a prominent community focal point and gathering place for social and commemorative events with widespread community support.

History

Ipswich North State School, located east of Downs Street and south of Fitzgibbon Street in North Ipswich, opened in 1867 as North Ipswich National School, to accommodate the growing population of North Ipswich. In the mid-1870s the school was divided into a Boys School and a Girls and Infants School, which were reclassified as state schools c1876. In 1935 the two schools combined to form Ipswich North State School, housed within a Depression–era Brick School Building (constructed 1934, extended 1937). The school includes terraced grounds, retained by concrete walls which were built around the Brick School Building and its parade ground in 1934 and around the lower playground in 1937. The school has been in continuous operation since its establishment and has been a focus for the local community as a place for important social and cultural activity.

North Ipswich is an early suburb of the city of Ipswich, which was initially known as Limestone.[1] After the penal settlement closed in 1839, and free settlement began from 1842, Limestone was renamed Ipswich, and developed as a river port for pastoralists on the Darling Downs. Ipswich became a municipality in 1860, and was proclaimed a part of the port of Moreton Bay the same year.[2]

North Ipswich’s development accelerated from the early 1860s. The area north of Lawrence Street, around the later site of Ipswich North State School, was subdivided in 1864;[3] by which time an immigration depot existed on the North Ipswich side of the Bremer River.[4]

Many of the immigrants arriving at the North Ipswich depot were destined to work on Queensland’s first railway. Construction of the Southern and Western Railway commenced with a ceremony in North Ipswich on 25 February 1864.[5] The first section, to Grandchester, was opened in July 1865 and passed through the site of the current railway workshops in North Ipswich [QHR 601526]..[6]

The development of Ipswich and North Ipswich soon led to schools being established. In pre-separation Queensland, education was provided initially by fee-charging religious schools and private academies. They catered principally for children in the main population centres of Brisbane and Ipswich.[7] A more organised approach to education commenced with Governor Fitzroy’s appointment of a National Board of Education in 1848. The Board established and administered schools where parents contributed one-third of the building costs and guaranteed an average attendance of at least 30 pupils.[8] Schools were opened in Warwick (1850), Drayton (1851) and Brisbane (1859).[9] Following separation from New South Wales in late 1859, the Queensland Government introduced the Education Act 1860, which created a Board of General Education to oversee the development and administration of schools in the colony. The number of public or national schools increased from four in 1860 to 230 by 1875.[10]

Two national schools, each sub-divided into separate schools for boys and girls, were established in Ipswich in the early 1860s: in Brisbane Street (Ipswich); and Omar Street (Little Ipswich, now West Ipswich State School, QHR 600606). In 1864 these schools had an total average daily attendance of 201 and 103 pupils respectively,[11] and by April 1865 there was a movement to establish a national school in North Ipswich, where a building had already been hired for teaching local children.[12]

The establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early communities and integral to their success. Schools became a community focus, a symbol of progress, and a source of pride, with enduring connections formed with past pupils, parents, and teachers.[13]

At a meeting of local residents in the North Ipswich immigration depot in April 1865, a Mr Fitzgibbon moved that a primary school of the vested class be founded under the Board of General Education. Mr Hawthorne, of the Ipswich Grammar School (established 1863), stated that ‘seeing there had been such a large influx of population to North Ipswich on account of the important works [the railway] now going on, it was time a school was established.’[14]

The site of the National School (No.61) at North Ipswich, on an allotment of over 2 acres (0.8ha) that was granted by the Government (the current site, east of Downs Street, and south of Fitzgibbon Street), was arranged in March 1867 by R Macdonnell, the Inspector General of Schools, and the school was later opened by Macdonnell on 1 July 1867.[15] However, the school site was not officially gazetted until 1871, when 3 acres and 30 perches (1.3ha), was gazetted a Reserve for a National School.[16]

The school originally operated from a timber building, divided into separate rooms for the boys and girls, which was ‘very pleasantly situated on an eminence commanding a fine view’.[17] The initial enrolment was 26 pupils, but this rose to an attendance of 90 by September 1867.[18] In the 1860s North Ipswich was mostly thick bush, and pupils who rode to school kept their horses in a paddock fronting Lawrence Street.[19]

The North Ipswich National School expanded and was reorganised in the 1870s. In the mid-1870s it was divided into the North Ipswich (or Ipswich North) Boy’s School No.61, and the North Ipswich (or Ipswich North) Girls' and Infants' School No.246.[20] In September 1875 the Girl’s and Infant’s school had 186 pupils enrolled and 141 pupils present, while the Boys School had 111 enrolled and 74 present.[21] By June 1876 the Boys School was in its own building, while the Girls and Infants School had two buildings.[22] The two schools became state schools, under the State Education Act 1875, which provided for free, compulsory and secular primary education and established the Department of Public Instruction. [23]

Enrolment at the two schools reflected the continued development of North Ipswich. By the late 1870s, businesses in North Ipswich included a sawmill (Reilly),[24] the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company (operational 1877, at the east end of The Terrace), and Ipswich Gas and Coke (operating from 8 The Terrace from 1878). [25]  The railway workshops also continued as a major employer. A brick Railway Store Building [QHR 600604] was built in 1878-79, and in 1884 new railway workshops were built further north, two blocks northwest of the North Ipswich schools.[26] In 1887 it was reported that North Ipswich was rapidly advancing, with new houses near the new workshops, plus a police station and barracks and a Post and Telegraph Office built within the preceding year.[27]

The Boys School and Girls and Infants School at North Ipswich continued to expand from the 1880s, with additional buildings added to each. [28] In 1907 a tender for a new teacher’s residence was accepted,[29] and in 2015 this was still located to the south of the school, fronting Lawrence Street.

Ipswich also continued to grow. It was declared a city in 1904, and by 1910 it had a population of 10,000. At this time there were 22 coal mines near Ipswich, including at Tivoli, north of North Ipswich.[30] Businesses in North Ipswich by this time included Arthur Foote’s joinery works, the Pommer Brothers’ North Ipswich Ice and Butter factory (still extant, 9 The Terrace), and FE Barbat & Sons, Engineers.[31] During World War I, the railways workshops employed 1600 men.[32]

By 1933 a decision was made to combine the boys, girls and infants schools into one new, multi-storey building. That year, the railway workshops had 1300 employees (down from 2400 ‘not long ago’),[33] the Boys School had an enrolment of 231, and the Girls and Infants School had an enrolment of 293.[34]

The new school building was a result of a Government initiative to boost employment. The Great Depression, commencing in 1929 and extending well into the 1930s, caused a dramatic reduction of building work in Queensland and brought private building work to a standstill. In response, the Queensland Government provided relief work for unemployed Queenslanders, and also embarked on an ambitious and important building programme to provide impetus to the economy.

Even before the October 1929 stock market crash, the Queensland Government initiated an Unemployment Relief Scheme, through a work programme by the Department of Public Works (DPW). This included painting and repairs to school buildings.[35] By mid-1930 men were undertaking grounds improvement works to schools under the scheme.[36] Extensive funding was given for improvements to school grounds, including fencing and levelling ground for play areas, involving terracing and retaining walls. This work created many large school ovals, which prior to this period were mostly cleared of trees but not landscaped. These play areas became a standard inclusion within Queensland state schools and a characteristic element.[37]

In June 1932 the Forgan Smith Labor Government came to power from a campaign that advocated increased government spending to counter the effects of the Depression. The government embarked on a large public works building programme designed to promote the employment of local skilled workers, the purchase of local building materials and the production of commodious, low maintenance buildings which would be a long-term asset to the state. This building programme included: government offices, schools and colleges; university buildings; court houses and police stations; hospitals and asylums; and gaols.[38]

Many of the programmes have had lasting beneficial effects for the citizens of Queensland, including the construction of masonry brick school buildings across the state. Most were designed in a classical idiom as this projects the sense of stability and optimism which the government sought to convey through the architecture of its public buildings.

The construction of substantial Brick School Buildings (type E/B1)[39] in prosperous or growing suburban areas and regional centres during the 1930s provided tangible proof of the government’s commitment to remedy the unemployment situation.  The Queensland DPW and Department of Public Instruction were extremely enthusiastic about the brick school buildings designed in the 1930s. They were considered monuments to progress embodying the most modern principles of the ideal education environment. [40]

Depression-era Brick School Buildings form a recognisable and important type, exhibiting many common characteristics. Frequently, they were two storeys above an open undercroft and built to accommodate up to 1000 students. They adopted a symmetrical plan form and often exhibited a prominent central entry. The plan arrangement was similar to that of timber buildings, being only one classroom deep, accessed by a long straight verandah or corridor. Due to their long plan forms of multiple wings, they could be built in stages if necessary; resulting in some complete designs never being realised. Ideally, the classrooms would face south with the verandah on the north but little concession was made for this and almost all Depression-era Brick School Buildings faced the primary boundary road, regardless of orientation. Classrooms were commonly divided by folding timber partitions and the undercroft was used as covered play space, storage, ablutions and other functions. [41]

Despite their similarities, each Depression-era Brick School building was individually designed by a DPW architect, which resulted in a wide range of styles and ornamental features being utilised within the overall set. These styles, which were derived from contemporary tastes and fashions, included: Arts and Crafts, typified by half-timbered gable-ends; Spanish Mission, with round-arched openings and decorative parapets; and Neo-classical, with pilasters, columns and large triangular pediments. Over time, variations occurred in building size, decorative treatment, and climatic-responsive features.[42] The Chief Architect during this period was Andrew Baxter Leven (1885-1966), who was employed by the Queensland Government Works Department from 1910 to 1951, and was Chief Architect and Quantity Surveyor from 1933 to 1951.[43] The drawings for the new school at North Ipswich (1933) are initialled F.T.J (drawn and traced), presumably Frederick Thomas Jellet, born in 1898, trained in Victoria and employed by the Queensland Department of Works as a temporary draftsman in the 1920s.[44]

During 1934 the new Brick School Building at North Ipswich was constructed on the site of the old timber Girls and Infants school, facing Fitzgibbon Street. During the 1933-34 school holidays the northern wing of the latter was relocated to a site ‘between the main body of the girls school and the playshed’, to be used for classes during construction of the new school.[45]

By April 1934 work on the new building was well in hand. Concrete retaining walls, approved in November 1933 at a cost of £1768,[46] were also nearly completed. It was stated by the Under Secretary of the Department of Public Works (G M Colledge) that the school would ‘be one of the most modern schools in Queensland, incorporating all the latest ideas for accommodation’. It was also reported that ‘a considerable amount of relief work has been used in the preparation of the site’.[47] A foundation stone was laid on 8 June 1934, by F A Cooper, the Secretary for Public Instruction.

The new building at Ipswich North State School had two storeys and an undercroft, was rectangular in shape and was designed in a Neo-classical style. It had an estimated cost of £12,900, and would accommodate 432 pupils in 11 classrooms, with possible extensions to accommodate up to 752 pupils.[48] The roof was terracotta, with a prominent fleche, and a septic tank system was provided.[49] Plans from November 1933 show that most of the undercroft was a play area, flanked by stairwells, lobbies and infants’ lavatories, with one-storey lavatory blocks at each end (boys in the western block, girls in the eastern). The first floor had five classrooms, with cloakrooms and stairwells at each end, and a teachers’ room and head teacher’s office either side of the vestibule in the projecting entrance bay. The second floor had five classrooms between the cloakrooms and stairwells, with a teachers’ room and sixth classroom in the projecting entrance bay. The centre three classrooms on each floor were separated with folding partitions rather than walls, and could become large assembly rooms. The plans show that the first and second floors had an open verandah running along the northern side of the classrooms.[50]

Concrete retaining walls and concrete surface drains surrounded the new building, creating a platform, with proposed tennis courts at the rear corners of the platform and stairs to the north, west and south. [51]

The new Brick School Building was ready for use by the 1935 school year. The Boys School and Girls and Infants School both closed at the end of 1934,[52] and moved into their new building in 29 January 1935. Ipswich North State was officially opened on 4 May 1935 by F A Cooper.[53]

However, there was still a need for further student accommodation. The second section of the school, to accommodate 160 pupils, was approved in August 1936. This had an estimated cost of £2388, and was added at the west end of the existing building by mid-1937.[54] The addition, built above and to the north of the western lavatory block, consisted of two classrooms each on the first and second floors, and a play area (north of the lavatory block) on the ground floor. The new classrooms were separated by a continuation of the northern verandah of the main building. [55] At this time the old wing from the Girls and Infants School, which had been used as a kindergarten, was moved to elsewhere on the grounds.[56] Retaining walls, approved in August 1936 for £2136,[57] were added around the lower playground and the school’s tennis courts (located at the southern end of the school’s grounds) c1936-7.[58]

There were some minor changes to the school during the 1940s. In 1942, during World War II, air raid trenches were dug in the lower playground,[59] and between the mid-1940s and mid-1950s the school committee grassed the oval and planted trees along Downs Street.[60] The mature figs (Ficus sp.) along the eastern and western borders of the lower playground appear to date from this period. However, some trees extant today predate World War II, including the fig trees located just south of the west end of the Brick School Building, and one fig tree at the south end of the school, just north of the residence. [61]

By 1947 the railways workshops in North Ipswich employed almost 3000 people,[62] and Ipswich North State School continued to expand in the 1950s. The northern verandahs of the Brick School Building were enclosed with groups of nine awning windows after 1951;[63] a ventilation shaft was installed from the infant boys' lavatory to the roof, through the cloakrooms, in 1952;[64] and a room (probably the front classroom on the second floor) was converted into a library in 1955.[65] A new two-storey brick and metal wing with two classrooms above a play area (Block B in 2015) was added to the rear of the eastern end of the Brick School Building (Block A in 2015) in 1957.[66] This was completed in January 1958, and was opened 27 August 1958.[67]

After 1958 the school grounds also expanded, beginning with land acquired southeast of Block B by 1969.[68] Land was also obtained in 1973, fronting Fitzgibbon Street to the east of the school.[69] By 1974 the grounds covered 2.7ha, including land east of the school residence on Lawrence Street, and land fronting Pine Street; and by 1977 the school covered 2.9ha, with additional Pine Street frontage.[70] 

Although the school grounds expanded, local employment was shrinking. The functions of the railway workshops were progressively moved to Redbank between 1965 and 1995,[71] and the school’s enrolment declined over this period, falling from 600 in 1967 to 275 in 1989.[72]

However, changes continued at the school. A memorial archway and plaque was erected at the corner of Downs and Fitzgibbon Streets for the school’s 1967 centenary. In 1971 a typists’ room and staff room were established, in the projecting entrance bay of the first and second floors respectively;[73] and in 1977 the two first floor classrooms of the 1937 extension became a library and storytelling room, with the joinery removed from door and window openings onto the verandah and window openings enlarged to the floor. By this time there was a work room and store in the former western cloak room of the first floor, and a ‘work and storeroom’ in the former eastern cloakroom.[74]

By 1991 a tuckshop and storeroom existed on the ground level of the projecting entrance bay;[75] and by 2000 the classrooms on the first and second floors of the 1934 section had been reconfigured to form three classrooms, instead of five, on each floor. There were also storerooms in the former cloakrooms of the second floor, and a ‘teacher aid’ area in the former eastern cloakroom of the first floor. The projecting entrance bay on the second floor contained a staff room in the original classroom, and a health room in the original teachers’ room.[76] 

A school dental clinic opened to the east of the original school reserve, on Fitzgibbon Street, in 1978, and a Preschool building was constructed fronting Pine Street in 1991.[77] Other modern additions to the school have included covered play areas and Special Education buildings. A war memorial, consisting of a sandstone boulder and flagpole, was built between Block A and Fitzgibbon Street in 2004.

The school grounds have contracted in size since 2000. Land was sold on Pine Street in 2003, reducing the school size to 2.6ha, and the tennis courts and the 1907 residence on Lawrence Street were sold in 2014. The school grounds now cover 2.3ha.[78]

In 2015, the school continues to operate from its original site. It retains its Depression-era Brick School Building and retaining walls dating from the 1930s, with terraced grounds and mature trees. The school is important as a focus for the surrounding community and generations of students from the area have been taught there. Sunday markets are held on the school’s lower playground. Enrolment in 2012 was 126; rising to 215 in 2014. [79]

Description

Ipswich North State School occupies a prominent site located in the predominantly residential suburb of North Ipswich. The school is bounded by Fitzgibbon Street to the north, Downs Street to the west, the former school residence and tennis courts to the south, and residences along Pine Street to the east. The heritage register boundary encompasses the western portion of the allotment (1.32ha); an area consistent with the 1871 school reserve and defined by two level rectangular platforms surrounded by concrete retaining walls (1934-37). Facing Fitzgibbon Street, the prominent Depression-era Brick School building (Block A, 1934-37) is situated on the northern platform and makes an important visual contribution to the streetscape, and is a landmark for the area. The southern (lower) platform comprises a large playing field with perimeter shade trees.

Depression-era Brick School building (Block A, 1934-37)

Block A is a substantial, classically-detailed, two-storey masonry structure, with an undercroft. The building is L-shaped in plan and comprises three sections: a symmetrically arranged range (1934) with projecting entrance bay to the front (north) elevation; a single storey extension to the east (1934); and a double storey wing, with undercroft, to the west (1937) that projects from the front elevation. The hipped roof is clad with terracotta tiles. A modern wing (Block B) is connected to the southeast of Block A and is not of heritage significance.

The building is elegantly composed, with load-bearing face brick walls and rendered decorative elements to the first and second floors; and a rendered base finished to resemble channel-jointed ashlar. The face brick is primarily red and has contrasting pilasters of a dark brown brick, which have simple, rendered capitals. The projecting entrance bay features a gabled pediment over a central first floor doorway, which has a rendered aedicule and is accessed from a landing flanked by stairs. The pediment is supported by pilasters and a circular accent vent with rendered surround is centred on the face brick tympanum. The projecting gabled wing to the northwest features similar classical detailing but is narrower and without external stairs; as are the two pedimented bays that frame the south elevation of the range.

The interior layout of the central range is symmetrical, with face brick stairwells at the east and west ends flanked by enclosed landings (former hat rooms) that are used for storage and offices. Verandahs (enclosed c1952) on the northern side access the first and second floor classrooms. There are three (formerly five) classrooms to the first and second floors, with modern concertina doors inserted to form a narrow utility space with sink on each floor. The classrooms have plaster walls with picture rails, timber-framed floors covered with modern carpet, and flat sheeted ceilings with timber battens. The classrooms retain original partition bulkheads and latticed ceiling vents, which indicate the original layout. The projecting entrance bay has a central hallway flanked by reception and a sick room to the first floor, and a teachers’ room and computer-server room to the second floor. The first and second floors of the western wing have two rooms each separated by a central hallway that is a continuation of the verandah. A vertical vent (1952) is retained in the office adjacent to the western stairwell, on the second floor.

The building retains much of its original timber-framed joinery. Windows to external walls are predominately banks of tall narrow-sash casements with fanlights, set between the face brick pilasters. Windows to the face brick verandah walls are double-hung sashes with fanlights and concrete sills. Classroom doors are low-waisted panelled timber with fanlights. Joinery has been removed to form openings in the face brick walls to the first floor hallway in the west wing. The verandahs have been enclosed with banks of awning windows. The verandah floors are concrete, covered with modern vinyl. Early sinks are retained at the eastern end of the verandahs.

The undercroft level has a perimeter of rendered piers and walls and is primarily open play-space. The central piers are face brick that have been painted with bright colours and murals. Bathrooms are located at the east and west ends. They retain original layouts and v-jointed (VJ) timber lined partitions. The floor is concrete and the area under the western wing has outlines for hopscotch and other games inscribed into the slab. Timber bench seats are situated between the perimeter piers.

Landscape Elements

The school grounds are well established and the sloping site has been terraced to form two level platforms with school buildings and a parade ground to the north, and sporting facilities on the lower platform to the south. Both platforms are surrounded by Depression-era concrete retaining walls with concrete surface drains and silt pits.

The northern platform (1934) is roughly square in plan and features a centenary memorial entrance gate (1967) on the corner, at the intersection of Downs and Fitzgibbon Streets. Concrete stairs, centred on the northern and western retaining walls, also provide access from the street. Block A is prominently sited on the platform, set back from Fitzgibbon Street behind a symmetrically arranged landscaped area with garden beds and a semicircular concrete pathway. A parade ground to the south of the building has a bitumen surface with line markings for a basketball court. A row mature fig trees (Ficus sp.) is situated in a grassed area to the west of the parade ground. Concrete stairs punctuate the retaining wall between the north and south platforms, which is painted with murals.

The level playing field on the southern platform has a cricket pitch to the centre and shade trees to the perimeter. There is a row of mature figs on the eastern side, figs and a silky oak (Grevillea robusta) to the west, and a mature fig to the south. Concrete stairs in the southern retaining wall (1937) provide access to the former tennis courts below (outside the heritage register boundary).

The school is sited on a rise, and the elevated position and terraced nature of the site affords opportunities for views to and from the surrounding area. The substantial-sized Block A is a prominent feature of the streetscape and is a landmark for the area.

Other structures

Elements within the registered boundary that are not of cultural significance include: Block B and adjacent modern storage block; modern amenities and landscape features; and modern partitions and joinery.

References

[1] Lime kilns were established at Limestone Hill, Limestone, in 1827 to provide quicklime (Calcium oxide) for building work at the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement (‘Baptist Church and memorial gate (former), Ipswich’, QHR 602573; ‘Education Kit, convicts and settlement’ http://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/8658/education_kit_convicts_-and-_settlement.pdf, (accessed 10 November 2015)).
[2] George Harrison (Ed), 1910, Jubilee History of Ipswich, HJ Diddams & Co, Brisbane, pp.15, 63; ‘Local intelligence’, The Moreton Bay Courier, 29 September 1860, p.2.
[3] Survey plan I1626, DNRM. The later site of the school on the 1864 plan was originally marked as a ‘Reserve for Public Buildings’.
[4] The Immigration depot was almost completed by March 1864 (‘Public Works’, The Courier, 18 March 1864, p.2).
[5] Harrison, Jubilee History of Ipswich, p.59; ‘Sandstone Railway Culvert’, QHR 602562.
[6] ‘Sandstone Railway Culvert’, QHR 602562; ‘The Athens of Queensland’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 29 August 1865, p.4. The railway line crossed a combined road and rail bridge (the Bremer Bridge) from the town centre, and passed north through the site of Ipswich’s first railway workshops and goods station (now Riverlink Shopping Centre), and then the current workshops site. The Bremer Bridge replaced a ferry service across the Bremer River that had been established in 1860, but was itself superseded (for railway use) in 1897 (Harrison, Jubilee History of Ipswich, p.20). The section of railway line from North Ipswich to Wulkuraka was bypassed in 1875 when the railway line was extended to Brisbane, which spelt the end of Ipswich as a river port (‘Sandstone Railway Culvert’, QHR 602562; ‘Ipswich’, The Queenslander, 19 June 1875, p.9).
[7] Thom Blake, ‘Educating Queenslanders’ in Queensland Historical Thematic Framework, 2007 (rev. 2013 by EHP), pp.1-2.
[8] Hector Holthouse, Looking Back. The first 150 years of Queensland schools, a report for the Department of Education, Queensland, 1975, pp.10-3.
[9] Holthouse, Looking Back. The first 150 years of Queensland schools, pp.14-5.
[10] Blake, ‘Educating Queenslanders’ in Queensland Historical Thematic Framework, p.2.
[11] Brisbane Courier, 27 May 1865, p.4 (Report of the General Board of Education for 1864). A total of 33 schools, (30 vested, and three non-vested) operated in Queensland under the Board by 1864 – counting the boys and girls schools within a National School as separate establishments.
[12] ‘Ipswich’, The Brisbane Courier, 5 April 1865, p.2
[13] Project Services, 'Mount Morgan State High School' in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, for Education Queensland, 2008, pp.4-5; Paul Burmester, Margaret Pullar and Michael Kennedy Queensland Schools: A Heritage Conservation Study, a report for the Department of Education, 1996, pp.87-8.
[14] ‘National School for North Ipswich’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 20 April 1865, p.3. In non-vested schools, usually run by religious denominations, the Board of General Education did not own the building. (‘The National System of Education’, The Queenslander, 16 May 1868, p.12).
[15] ‘Week ending March 2’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 19 March 1867, p.4; ‘Ipswich’, The Brisbane Courier, 3 July 1867, p.3; ‘Ipswich’, The Queenslander, 6 July 1867, p.7.
[16] Comprising allotment 13 of Section 16. The school site was bordered by Lawrence Street, Downs Street, Fitzgibbon Street and allotments 6-12 (Queensland Government Gazette 1871, p.372).
[17] ‘Scientific and useful: Railways, Roads and bridges’, The Queenslander, 22 June 1867, p.3. The school was designed by Mr Hart, of the railway, who donated his £20 fee to the building fund (‘Ipswich’, The Brisbane Courier, 3 July 1867, p.3).
[18] ‘Ipswich’, The Brisbane Courier, 3 July 1867, p.3; ‘Local and General News’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 19 September 1867, p.2. In 1867 there were 60 schools in Queensland, under the Board of General Education, with 9000 pupils (The National System of Education’, The Queenslander, 16 May 1868, p.12).
[19] Lorraine Burton and Catriona Robinson, 1992, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, Ipswich North State School Anniversary Committee, North Ipswich, p.11.
[20] Sources differ on the exact year of the division: Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, pp.11,13,  claim the schools separated in January 1874; Queensland State Archives Agency ID8640, ‘Ipswich North State Girls And Infants School’ claims January 1875; Queensland State Archives Agency ID8645, ‘Ipswich North State School’ claims 1876. The two schools at Ipswich North were either labelled Ipswich North, or North Ipswich; both forms were used in the media during the 1870s.
[21] ‘Report of Inspection of West Moreton Schools’ (1875) Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 6 June 1876, p.4.
[22] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.13.
[23] The Act replaced the system of provisional and vested schools with provisional and state schools. A Committee for the state school at North Ipswich was appointed by August 1876 (‘Official Notifications’, The Week, 12 August 1876, pp.21, 22).
[24] Pugh’s Almanac and Directory, 1876, p.388. Hancock and Son’s took over Reilly’s sawmill c.1878. (‘Our Sawmills No.III: Messrs Hancock and Son’s North Ipswich Mill’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 4 May 1878, p.3). Their mill was located east of Lamington Parade.
[25] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.11; Harrison, Jubilee History of Ipswich, p.88; ‘North Ipswich’, http://queenslandplaces.com.au/north-ipswich (accessed 18 November 2015).
[26] ‘Bremer River Rail Bridge and pylons and abutments of old bridges’, QHR 602568.
[27] ‘North Ipswich State School’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 19 November 1887, p.7.
[28] Undated plans show the Boys School with two linked buildings and the Girls and Infants School with three linked buildings (1867 school building in the centre); Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, pp. 16-17.
[29] From Edward Madder, for £510 (‘Public Works’, The Brisbane Courier, 9 August 1907, p.7). A plan (Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.39), which seems to be a mirrored image of the actual residence, shows it had five bedrooms, an 8ft (2.4m) ‘L’ shaped front verandah and a dining verandah between the core rooms and the rear kitchen wing. The previous residence was sold for removal in 1908 (Public Works’, Queensland Times, 29 February 1908, p.3). The previous residence was at least the second used by the school; as the first was located on Lot 2, Section 32, on Fitzgibbon Street opposite the school, on land owned by The Board of General Education from 1871 to 1879 (Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.39; Certificates of Title  10146066 and 10180219, DNRM).
[30] Harrison, Jubilee History of Ipswich, pp.75-6. A branch railway line was built to Tivoli in 1898 (‘The Tivoli Railway Line’, Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 12 March 1898, p.4).
[31] Harrison, Jubilee History of Ipswich, pp.122-35.
[32] ‘North Ipswich Railway Workshops Complex’, QHR 601526.
[33] ‘Ipswich Workshops, pooling of work’, Townsville Daily Bulletin, 6 March 1933, p.4.
[34] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.26.
[35] ‘Relief of unemployment: big programme contemplated’, The Telegraph, 24 July 1929, p. 5; ‘Unemployment: the relief scheme’, The Telegraph, 26 July 1929, p. 5.
[36] ‘Report of the Department of Public Works for the year ended 30 Jun 1930’, p. 15.
[37] Burmester et al, Queensland Schools: A Heritage Conservation Study, p.58.
[38] ‘Labor at the Helm’, The Worker, 20 Jul 1932, p. 8; ‘Queensland Parliament’, The Northern Miner, 17 Aug 1932, p.2; ‘Public Buildings’, Daily Mercury, 19 Oct 1933, p. 7; DPW, Report of the DPW for the Year Ended 30 June 1934, Queensland Government Printer, Brisbane, 1934, pp, 6-8; DPW, Report of the DPW for the Year Ended 30 June 1935, Queensland Government Printer, Brisbane, 1935, p. 2; Report of the DPW for the Year Ended 30 June 1936, Queensland Government Printer, Brisbane, 1936, p. 2; ‘State will spend over £460,000: big building plans’, The Courier-Mail, 28 Dec 1933, p. 9; Report of the DPW for the Year Ended 30 June 1939, Queensland Government Printer, Brisbane, 1939, p. 2.
[39] Burmester et al, Queensland Schools: A Heritage Conservation Study, p.59.
[40] Burmester et al, Queensland Schools: A Heritage Conservation Study, p.60.
[41] Burmester et al, Queensland Schools: A Heritage Conservation Study, pp.59-60.
[42] EHP analysis of Depression-era Brick Schools, based on contemporary photographs, QHR listed schools, Project Services Heritage Reports (2006) and original DPW building plans.
[43] Ayr State High School, QHR 601574.
[44] ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, for Education Queensland, January 2008, p.10; Department of Public Works plans, ‘North Ipswich SS new building’ (1933) 75D-18-1/1, 16010742; and 75D-18-2, 16010731.
[45] ‘Preparations for new school’, Queensland Times, 28 November 1933, p.6.
[46] ‘News in Brief’, The Courier Mail, 24 November 1933, p.17.
[47] ‘Works in the Country: £80,000 being spent. School, court house and hospital’, The Courier Mail, 27 April 1934, p.23.
[48] ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, pp.8-9.
[49] ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, p.9.
[50] Department of Public Works plans, ‘North Ipswich SS new building’ (1933) 75D-18-1/1, 16010742; and 75D-18-2, 16010731. The classrooms were 21ft wide (6.4m) on the first floor, widening to 21ft 9ins (6.6m) on the second floor. The end classrooms were 20ft 6ins (6.2m) long and the three middle classrooms were each 19ft (5.8m) long.
[51] Department of Public Works, ‘North Ipswich SS, storm water drains, etc, new building’ (1933). 20061/1D, 10707180. In this plan the old Boys School was still present to the south of the new building, on today’s cricket pitch. It was removed by 1946 (Aerial photograph RAAF4-35641, 1946). The southern retaining wall ran where the fence between the Boys School and the Girls and Infants School used to be (‘Preparations for new school’, Queensland Times, 28 November 1933, p.6.)
[52] Queensland State Archives Agency ID8645, ‘Ipswich North State School’.
[53] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.26.
[54]  ‘Fifty-fifty share of Works money’, The Courier Mail, 21 August 1936, p.19; ‘Report of the Department of Public Works for the year ended 30th June 1937’, p.9.
[55] DPW plans ‘North Ipswich SS additional classrooms’ (1936) 116-22-9/1; 116-22-9/2; 116-22-9/3.
[56]  ‘New wing for North Ipswich state school’, The Telegraph, 2 September 1936, p.10.
[57] ‘School Improvements’ Queensland Times, 7 August 1936, p.6.
[58] By 1944 the tennis courts were located just west of the school residence on Lawrence Street (Department of Public Works, ‘Ipswich North State School and Residence: conversion of septic system to Council’s sewerage’ (1944) 61-131, 16010698).
[59] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.32.
[60] ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, p.5.
[61] Based on aerial photographs from 1946 to 1964.
[62] ‘North Ipswich has industrial wealth’, Queensland Times, 3 June 1947, p.2.
[63] Department of Public Works, ‘Ipswich North SS proposed enclosure of verandahs and balconies’ (1951), 16010687. Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.32, claims that the verandahs were enclosed with ‘glass louvres’ in 1954.
[64] Department of Public Works, ‘Ipswich North State School ventilation infant boys lav’, (1952) 61/276, 11838519.
[65] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.32.
[66] Department of Public Works, ‘Ipswich North SS addition’, (1956), 61-346, 11838508.
[67] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.32.
[68] An annotation on Survey Plan RP90801 (1958) noted that Sub 1 of allotments 7,8,9 of Section 16, was to be amalgamated with Allotment 13. This had occurred by 1969: the Department of Works ‘Ipswich North State School Standard Site Plan’ (1969), 20061-1A, 10707169 includes ‘recently acquired land for swimming pool’.
[69] Certificate of Title 13289154 (Subdivision 6 of Allotments 10 to 12 of Section 16).
[70] Survey Plan I16248 (1974); Survey Plan I16254 (1977).
[71] ‘North Ipswich Railway Workshops Complex’, QHR 601526.
[72] ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, p.5; Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, p.53.
[73] ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, p.12. These rooms are shown on a 2000 plan: GHD, ‘Ipswich North State School, Block ‘A’ - layout’ (2000), 02-0610-02, 21511941.
[74] Department of Works, ‘Ipswich North State School, Library, workroom and classroom’ (1976), 61-965/3, 13217578.
[75] Administrative Services department, ‘Ipswich North State School redevelopment plan’ (1991), 20061-4130-1, 10707191.
[76] GHD, ‘Ipswich North State School, Block ‘A’ - layout’ (2000), 02-0610-02, 21511941.
[77] Burton and Robinson, ‘Ipswich North State School: 125th Anniversary: 1867-1992’, pp.76, 78; ‘Ipswich North State School’, in Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, p.12.
[78] Survey Plan SP145213 (2003); Survey Plan SP267988 (2013).
[79] ‘Ipswich North State School, Queensland State School Reporting, 2014 School Annual Report’ https://ipswichnorthss.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Annual%20reports/annual-report-2014.pdf (Accessed 18 November 2015). 34% of students identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, and 26% of students have been identified as having a disability. A further 26% of the current total school population receive intensive and individualised learning programs.

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